At the heart of the Center for Security Studies (CSS) research activities are key questions of contemporary security and strategy. We are particularly interested in the changing landscape of threats ...

How can conflict transformation and mediation processes adequately address the interplay between religion and politics? This question is at the heart of our Culture and Religion in Mediation program ...

Marc Werner is a PhD Candidate at the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zurich. His project focuses on the interactions between multiple mediators engaged in the management and resolution of ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

At the NATO Summit in Wales nearly a decade ago, NATO recognized that cyber defense is an inseparable part of collective defense. Therefore, a cyberattack against one or more member states can trigger ...

From the buildup of Russian tanks along the Ukrainian border to images of destruction raging through cities and villages, we all watched the war in Ukraine unfold with images from the sky. When Russia ...

In response to Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, the Federal Council took a clear stance in late February 2022, condemning the breach of international law “in the strongest possible terms” ...

The Karabakh conflict, which has its roots in the great power struggles of the early 18th century, has escalated whenever the imperial control of the surrounding great powers – including Safavid ...

This edited volume compiled by CSS director Andreas Wenger and Alex S. Wilner focuses on contemporary denial, bridging the theoretical gap that persists between classical deterrence theory and ...

Historically, discussions on cyber conflict have primarily centered on the involvement of state-sponsored or affiliated groups. Yet, the growing prominence of criminal actors – specifically, ...

This book tries to answer the following seven questions: ...