Bagged in three layers of meninges and selectively fenced off by the blood brain barrier, our central nervous system (CNS) interacts within strict limits with our immune system. Protective ...

A new breakthrough study from the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, University of Toronto (Motsenyat et al., Brain Stimulation 2025) shows that brief sessions of pulsed photobiomodulation (PBM) ...

Scientists have long believed that the pia, the innermost of the three meningeal membranes that surround the brain, is impermeable to cerebrospinal fluid. But the pia has been hard to study. This ...

Cerebrospinal fluid washes waste from the brain, eventually draining into the lymph nodes and bloodstream—but exactly how this flow bypasses the brain’s barriers to reach the periphery has remained ...

Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) occur when cancerous cells metastasize or spread to the leptomeninges, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), or both. The meninges are thin layers of tissue surrounding and ...

Following inhalation of airborne droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the ingestion of Mtb by alveolar macrophages triggers an inflammatory cascade, generating protective immunity and ...

In patients with tuberculous meningitis, high-dose rifampin yields no survival advantage over the standard dose.

It is not possible to test for a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak at home. However, knowing the possible symptoms of a CSF leak can help a person know when to seek emergency help to receive a diagnosis ...