In some cases, applications can be based upon industry-accepted standards, as shown in Figure 10-27. For example, for devices that need to be able to connect to other devices to transfer data or to ...

While borderless DeFi applications, tokenized products and the popularity of AI-driven metaverses and NFTs made Web3 pervasive from business and socio-culture standpoints, the ‘base layer protocol’ ...

Ethernet has dominated wired computer-networking technology for decades, evidenced by its wide adoption in office, business, data-center, and home applications. Only more recently, though, has ...

The purpose of the network layer is to help route messages between different local networks. Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the ...

A new denial-of-service attack dubbed 'Loop DoS' targeting application layer protocols can pair network services into an indefinite communication loop that creates large volumes of traffic. Devised by ...